{"id":5284,"date":"2007-09-07T15:37:00","date_gmt":"2007-09-07T13:37:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2020-09-06T19:09:43","modified_gmt":"2020-09-06T17:09:43","slug":"marc-historic","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.teiamoner.net\/en\/marc-historic\/","title":{"rendered":"Historical setting"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n
\nPuppets are special. Puppet therapy<\/span><\/div>\n

Historical setting<\/span><\/div>\n

\n<\/div>\n
\nHistorical setting<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n
\n<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n
\n<\/a><\/b><\/span><\/div>\n
\nThe first therapeutic framework in which the puppet was used was that of child psychoanalysis. <\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n
\nPuppets were used as a method
\ntherapeutic for the first time in Switzerland by his psychoanalyst
\ncountry, Madeleine Rambert, circa 1930, to treat neurosis
\nfollowing Anna Freud 's guidelines on play, and
\nmeeting children who had difficulty speaking, it occurred to her
\n idea to use \u201cthe game of winks\u201d, \u201cThe puppet is a symbol that
\nreturning the child active allows us to grasp his logic live
\nautistic \u201d. Madeleine Rambert<\/i><\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n
\nThe psychotherapeutic use of the puppet is
\nlocates between the two wars in the US and Switzerland. The puppeteer i
\nGerman-born psychologist AG Woltman collaborated with the psychiatrist
\nAmerican Lauretta Bender at Bellevue Hospital in New York to help
\n children with severe behavioral and personality disorders.
\n They published their experience in 1936, and it is certainly the first
\narticle on therapeutic puppets.<\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n
\nIn 1938, Madeleine Rambert also wrote an article in the \u201cFrench Journal of Psychoanalysis\u201d<\/i> about his experience, about the games of the wink. The article is called: "A new technique in child psychoanalysis: the game of winks". <\/i>About the article tells us: <\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n
\n"The Puppet is a means of transfer
\nbeautiful that facilitates the expression of the child's unconscious feelings.
\nIt is somehow the material body in which the child projects his
\nsoul \u201d. <\/i>In articles written by Madeleine Rambert, she outlines the therapeutic values attributed to puppets: <\/div>\n
    \n
  • value of the game as a means of expression and research<\/li>\n
  • emotional transfer value<\/li>\n
  • cathartic value of the child's play where he expels emotions<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
    \nThe term catharsis comes from tragedy
    \nGreek, when Aristotle refers to her. This word is used
    \nto designate the effect the tragedy has on the spectators. The
    \ntragedy with the recourse to piety and terror, achieves purification
    \n of these passions. Catharsis in Aristotle, is purification
    \npsychological for terror and pity.<\/div>\n
    \n<\/div>\n
    \n <\/span> Therapy
    \ncathartic or cathartic method is that the therapeutic effect sought
    \n it is a "purge", a discharge suitable for pathogenic effects. The cure
    \nallows the subject to evoke or even relive traumatic events in the
    \nthat these affections are tied, and get a discharge of these
    \n by normal means, such as crying.<\/div>\n
    \n<\/div>\n
    \nMadeleine Rambert, in her article, also does
    \nreference to a 19th century author, passionate about puppets and
    \ntheoretical of its effects: George Sand.This author with her son
    \nMaurice, founded the Nohant Puppet Theater, where they came to see him
    \ncelebrities of the moment. He published memoirs of this activity. It also goes
    \n he became a puppeteer, the protagonist of one of his novels.
    \n"The Snowman" (1958), which describes the projection mechanism of the
    \npuppeteer about his puppet and the joy of identification with the
    \n spectators. It is precisely these two aspects on which the
    \npractice of Madeleine Rambert (in the first aspect) and AG Woltman
    \n(in the second).<\/div>\n
    \n<\/div>\n
    \nIn 1950, always in the field of psychotherapy
    \n Serge Lebovici reflects on the role of the therapist and the
    \nrelationship with the child. He believes that the therapist should be actively involved in
    \n therapy.\u201cThe essential nature of the treatments carried out
    \nwith the help of puppets, they teach us that the child is susceptible
    \nto externalize their conflicts and internal ghosts, aided by
    \nsymbolic fiction and taking refuge in this fiction. \u201d <\/i>Serge Levobici (1950)<\/i><\/div>\n
    \n<\/div>\n
    \nHis important contribution was
    \nreflect on the intervention or non-intervention of the therapist in the
    \npuppet therapy. "The transfer is difficult to analyze, don
    \n the intervention of the therapist in the production of the child would come to
    \nmodify \u201csymbolically\u201d the content of the issues that concern the child and
    \n which he stages with his puppet. On the other hand, the no
    \nintervention, does not allow or hardly, a positive transference.<\/i><\/div>\n
    \n<\/div>\n
    \n\u201d<\/i>As for psychodrama, it is one
    \nprojective activity, supported by the relationship of an object
    \nmediator with a strong playful connotation. In England, since 1943,
    \narticles on puppet therapy have been published in the \u201cPuppet
    \nPost \u201dand in the newspapers of\u201c The association sur la marionnette
    \neducational \u201d<\/div>\n
    \n<\/div>\n
    \nIn the late 1960s, Drs. WM Pfeiffer
    \n (Universit\u00e9 clinique. Erlanjeu) and Militiae Petzold (Fritz Perls
    \nInstitute D\u00fcsseldorf) published in Germany, articles and books on
    \nthe subject. Later, these techniques were developed for the most part
    \nfrom European countries and across the Atlantic. <\/div>\n
    \nThe puppets have been used in the
    \nChild psychoanalysis about 77 years ago and with adult psychiatry about
    \nforty-two years .In time the puppet as a therapeutic means is
    \n found in various areas of intervention: psychotherapy, occupational therapy,
    \npsychomotor skills\u2026 In psychomotor skills it is a factor of re-education of the
    \npsychomotor aspects of personality, stimulating organization
    \ntime-space, perceptual-motor coordinations, the internalization of
    \n the body scheme, and takes on socializing value in theatrical play.<\/div>\n
    \n<\/div>\n
    \nIn 1978 it was created in France, \u201cMarionnette et
    \nTherapy \u201dfounded by Jacqueline Tochette, the first association with the
    \nidea of the need for a meeting place between puppeteers and
    \ntherapists in order to pool each of these specific domains.
    \nIt is an alliance of two professionals who each have their own job
    \nspecific and that they should not be confronted with each other, if not that
    \nthey have to work in the same direction to help certain people in
    \ndifficulties. Its current president is Madeleine Lions
    \n(puppeteer).<\/div>\n
    \n<\/div>\n
    \nThe objectives of this association are to to form<\/b> through courses, seminars\u2026, inform<\/b>, through conferences, national and international meetings and to spread<\/b>, with the quarterly newsletter "Marionnette et Th\u00e9rapie" from the collection of the same name.<\/div>\n
    \n<\/div>\n
    \nThey organize international conferences every three
    \nyears at the World Puppet Theater Festival in
    \nCharleville-M\u00e9zi\u00e8res in France. It is an opportunity to meet puppeteers and
    \ntherapists around the world who use puppets in a way
    \ndifferent. These exchanges are very enriching as they allow you to have
    \n knowledge of people and experiences of other associations. Arrel
    \nof this first association in France, have been created around the world,
    \nmany associations with the same purpose: Japan, Spain, Italy,
    \nBulgaria, Brazil, Portugal, Canada, Hungary, Switzerland, Lebanon\u2026 These
    \nassociations are fully autonomous. <\/div>\n
    \n<\/div>\n
    \n<\/div>\n